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Cisco Certifications are the list of the Certifications offered by Cisco Systems. The table below shows the different paths and levels for Cisco Certifications. CCIE Certifications also require a hands-on exam administered at special labs around the world.

Cisco Certified Entry Networking Technician represents the lowest level of certification which covers basic networking knowledge. Until its introduction, CCNA represented the first level of the certification program. It has appropriate use for an entry-level network support position. CCENT certified staff can install, manage and troubleshoot a small enterprise network, including basic network security.

Valid for 3 years. Cisco Certified Technicians have the skills to diagnose, restore, repair, and replace critical Cisco networking and system devices at customer sites.

The CCNA Routing and Switching certification covers skills necessary to administer devices on small or medium-sized networks. Examinees may take the exams separately or the composite CCNA exam. Pearson VUE test centers conduct these exams. All CCNA-certified individuals specialize by technology.

Previously, specialized tracks required passing and maintaining a CCNA certification, but with the expiration of the series tests this is no longer the case. In this Internet of Everything IoE era, new and more valuable connections are being made every day around the world. IoE has a potential multitrillion U. To take advantage of this opportunity, businesses are using public, private, or hybrid cloud delivery models to deliver personalized services, real-time access to information, and instant communications anytime, anywhere, on any device.

Cloud is a major enabler of the IoE, by providing access to applications and services over the network from any device. Collaboration engineers focus on the deployment and support of voice, video, and live text communication solutions across IP networks. The CCNA Cyber Ops certification prepares candidates to begin a career working with associate-level cybersecurity analysts within security operations centers.

The Cisco Certified Network Associate Industrial CCNA Industrial certification is for plant administrators, control system engineers and traditional network engineers in the manufacturing, process control, and oil and gas industries, who will be involved with the convergence of IT and Industrial networks. CCNA Security validates knowledge of security infrastructure, threats, and vulnerabilities to networks and threat mitigation.

Required skills include installation, troubleshooting and monitoring of network devices to maintain the integrity, confidentiality, and availability of data and devices. By remaining compliant, the CCNA Security program provides the required training for network security professionals who assist private sector entities and federal agencies of the United States, protects their information and aid in the defense of the United States IT infrastructure.

Standard CCNA certification is not a prerequisite. Part 1 is a 5-day instructor-led course that provides the basic knowledge and skills necessary to support a service provider network. The course provides knowledge of the major network components and helps learners to understand how service provider networks function. Part 2 is a 5-day instructor-led course that provides knowledge of network construction and IP NGN architecture. The course includes additional remote labs.

The certification validates skills in the configuration, implementation, and support of wireless LANs. Cisco Certified Network Professional CCNP Certifications validate knowledge and skills required to install, configure, and troubleshoot converged local- and wide-area networks with to or more end-devices. The CCNP validates the ability to plan, implement, verify, and troubleshoot local and wide-area enterprise networks and work collaboratively with specialists on advanced security, voice, wireless, and video solutions.

The certification track changed in July , with various migration paths available for those that had begun, but not completed, the CCNP certification process. In July , Cisco released version 2. As of 30 January , only the v2. With a CCDP certification, a network professional can discuss, design, and create advanced addressing and routing, security, network management, data center, and IP multicast enterprise architectures that include virtual private networking and wireless domains.

An active CCDA certification acts as a prerequisite for this certification. Five required exams: [38]. CCNP Wireless covers all aspects of wireless networking principles and theory.

Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert represents Cisco’s highest certification, comprising seven tracks at present, tracks are updated and retired frequently and are aligned to industry’s latest technologies and trends.

CCIE began in , [44] originally with a two-day lab, later changing to a one-day format. Alternatively, candidates may rent “rack time” online. The CCIE consists of a written exam and a “lab” exam in each track. The written exam consists of questions that must be completed within 2 hours. Upon passing the written exam, the candidate has eighteen months to take the lab exam. The candidate has three years after passing the written exam to successfully complete the lab.

The lab is an eight-hour, hands-on exam designed to demonstrate that the candidate knows Internetworking theory and demonstrates advanced hands-on mastery. The minimum waiting time between attempts is one month. Some of these locations do not offer all CCIE tracks. The associate and professional Certifications recognized the fact that CCIE is overkill for many networking personnel. The first CCIE number allocated in started at 1, and increased thereafter. The first number they allocated to the first CCIE lab location, rather than to an individual, and featured as a plaque at the entrance to the lab.

They awarded Number to Stuart Biggs, who created the first written exam and first lab exam. The first person to pass both CCIE written and lab exams, known as Terry Slattery, [47] consulted at Cisco when the lab began development. Every two years a CCIE has to take a written test to retain the certification. If not done, the certification becomes suspended. After one further year without passing, the certification becomes revoked. One can then only regain the certification by starting from scratch.

Re-certification can occur up to 2 years before the expiration date. However, all the tracks for testing may not be available at a lab location. The Cisco Certified Architect CCAr certification assesses the experience and competency of network designers who can support the increasingly complex networks of global organizations and effectively translate business strategies into technical strategies.

The Cisco Certified Architect certification is administered as a board exam. Candidates propose and defend an architecture solution to a set of business requirements. Candidates are asked to modify their proposals “on the fly,” based on additional requirements presented by the board. Prerequisites include a CCDE certification, approximately 10 years of industry experience, and acceptance into the program via an application process. Routing and Switching seem by far the most popular track, with 35, worldwide certified individuals as of May 18, Specifically, CCDE identifies network professionals who have expert network design skills.

Network design translates business requirements into end-to-end network designs and a solutions approach to network expansion and integration. CCDE supplies a vendor-neutral curriculum, testing business requirements analysis, design, planning, and validation practices. It uses the same CCIE tools to verify qualified status. CCDE provides advanced network infrastructure design principles and fundamentals for large networks. A CCDE can demonstrate an ability to develop solutions which address planning, design, integration, optimization, operations, security, and ongoing support focused at the infrastructure level.

Most candidates pass after three or four lab attempts, but some have required more than six. Many have reputed that the lab exam seems as much a test of time management and planning as of technical expertise.

As such, it involves a lot of back-and-forth fine tuning between the numerous platforms. After protest from current and aspirant CCIE Voice holders, whom argued that the differences remain too few to warrant retiring the track with no option to transition to the new track, Cisco offered a transition path for existing Voice holders.

The Collaboration written exam may have availability starting from November 21, The lab exam will transition from Voice to Collaboration on February 14, Cisco has announced the September availability of a CCIE Data Center certification, [57] which certifies the expert-level skills required to plan, prepare, operate, monitor, and troubleshoot complex data center networks.

Candidates who pass the CCIE Wireless certification exams demonstrate broad theoretical knowledge of wireless networking and a solid understanding of wireless local area networking WLAN technologies from Cisco. In addition to the vast amount of Certifications above, Cisco also provides Specialist Certifications.

By combining various exams, a Cisco partner can gain specialty status and thus qualify for additional partner benefits. Specialisations can be held at Express, Advanced and Master levels, reflecting the depth of a partners skills across certain technologies and architectures, and can be held in both a Technology portfolio, or an architecture. Specialisations are: [1] [62]. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

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July Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please improve this article by re-writing it in your own words. September Learn how and when to remove this template message. Main article: CCNA. Main article: CCNP. Retrieved 22 June Retrieved

 
 

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Да. Первая неделя оказалась последней. Солнечный удар и инфаркт. Бедолага. Беккер ничего не сказал и продолжал разглядывать пальцы умершего.

 

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Friendship Oak on the campus of Southeastern Louisiana University is hundreds of years old. Like other mature spreading oaks, Friendship Oak is maintained by arborists to prevent the limbs from growing into the ground. An arborist pruning a tree near the Statue of Liberty. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Occupation concerning the care of perennial woody plants. The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject.

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WikiProject Category Outline. The expert has a great responsibility, and especially in penal trials , and perjury by an expert is a severely punished crime in most countries. The use of expert witnesses is sometimes criticized in the United States because in civil trials , they are often used by both sides to advocate differing positions, and it is left up to a jury to decide which expert witness to believe. Although experts are legally prohibited from expressing their opinion of submitted evidence until after they are hired, sometimes a party can surmise beforehand, because of reputation or prior cases, that the testimony will be favorable regardless of any basis in the submitted data; such experts are commonly disparaged as “hired guns.

An expert witness at the time of trial is qualified by the court and must be re-qualified each time that person comes to trial for the offering of opinions. The qualification is given by each trial judge and takes place regardless of prior appearances by a particular expert witness.

Expert witnesses are those whom the court has deemed qualified to speak on a topic to provide background to anyone on a lay jury. In high stakes cases multiple experts, in multiple topics, are often retained by each party. Although it is still relatively rare, the court itself may also retain its own independent expert. In all cases, fees paid to an expert may not be contingent on the outcome of the case. Expert evidence is often the most important component of many civil and criminal cases today.

Fingerprint examination, blood analysis , DNA fingerprinting , and forensic firearm examination are common kinds of expert evidence heard in serious criminal cases. In civil cases, the work of accident analysis , forensic engineers , and forensic accountants is usually important, the latter to assess damages and costs in long and complex cases.

Intellectual property and medical negligence cases are typical examples. Electronic evidence has also entered the courtroom as critical forensic evidence. Audio and video evidence must be authenticated by both parties in any litigation by a forensic expert who is also an expert witness who assists the court in understanding details about that electronic evidence. Voice-mail recordings and closed-circuit television systems produce electronic evidence often used in litigation, more so today than in the past.

Video recordings of bank robberies and audio recordings of life threats are presented in court rooms by electronic expert witnesses. One important rule that applies to the expert witness but not the percipient witness is the exception to the hearsay rule.

Percipient witnesses cannot give opinions nor conjecture regarding a hypothetical set of conditions. This allows the expert to rely upon scientific articles, discussions with colleagues on the subject, testimony read in preparation for testimony in the case and similar pieces of information not personally known to the expert.

It is important that expert witnesses who handle evidence maintain a proper chain of custody such that they are able to authenticate the evidence, prove that it is what they represent it to be, when testifying at trial.

Examples include educational background, review of scholarly works, field studies and trainings which all lead up to developing a foundation of knowledge for credibility of a testimony.

Before trial, all experts must prepare a report summarizing their analysis and conclusions and share the report with all other parties. If the witness needs to testify in court, the privilege is no longer protected. The expert witness’s identity and nearly all documents used to prepare the testimony will become discoverable.

Usually an experienced lawyer will advise the expert not to take notes on documents because all of the notes will be available to the other party. An expert testifying in a United States federal court must satisfy the requirements of Fed.

A witness who is being offered as an expert must first establish his or her competency in the relevant field through an examination of his or her credentials.

If qualified by the court, then the expert may testify “in the form of an opinion or otherwise” so long as: ” 1 the testimony is based upon sufficient facts or data, 2 the testimony is the product of reliable principles and methods, and 3 the witness has applied the principles and methods reliably to the facts of the case. Although experts can testify in any case in which their expertise is relevant, criminal cases are more likely to use forensic scientists or forensic psychologists , whereas civil cases, such as personal injury, may use forensic engineers , forensic accountants , employment consultants or care experts.

The Federal Court of Australia has issued guidelines for experts appearing in Australian courts. The educating witness teaches the fact-finder jury or, in a bench trial, judge about the underlying scientific theory and instrument implementing theory.

This witness is an expert witness, called to elicit opinions that a theory is valid and the instruments involved are reliable. The witness must be qualified as an expert witness, which may require academic qualifications or specific training. Called after teaching witness leaves stand. Usually the laboratory technician who personally conducted the test.

Witness will describe both the test and the results. When describing test, will venture opinions that proper test procedures were used and that equipment was in good working order. In the U. For example, a car maker may hire an experienced mechanic to decide if its cars were built to specification. This kind of expert opinion will be protected from discovery by the opposing party.

In other words, if the expert finds evidence against their client, the opposite party will not automatically gain access to it. This privilege is similar to the work-product doctrine not to be confused with attorney—client privilege. The non-testifying expert can be present at the trial or hearing to aid the attorney in asking questions of other expert witnesses.

Unlike a testifying expert, a non-testifying expert can be easily withdrawn from a case. It is also possible to change a non-testifying expert to a testifying expert before the expert disclosure date. In determining the qualifications of the expert, the FRE requires the expert have had specialized education, training, or practical experience in the subject matter relating to the case.

Experts in the U. In several fields, such as handwriting analysis , where the expert compares signatures to determine the likelihood of a forgery, and medical case reviews by a physician or nurse, in which the expert goes over hospital and medical records to assess the possibility of malpractice, experts often initially charge a flat fixed fee for their initial report.

As with the hourly fees discussed previously, the amount of that flat fee varies considerably based on the reviewing expert’s field, experience and reputation. The expert’s professional fee, plus his or her related expenses, is generally paid by the party retaining the expert.

In some circumstance the party who prevails in the litigation may be entitled to recover the amounts paid to its expert from the losing party. In law , scientific evidence is evidence derived from scientific knowledge or techniques. Most forensic evidence , including genetic evidence , is scientific evidence. Each page can be targeted to a different niche market through the use of specific keywords, with the result being a skewed form of search engine optimization. Spam is the biggest threat to organic search engines, whose goal is to provide quality search results for keywords or phrases entered by their users.

Google ‘s PageRank algorithm update “BigDaddy” in February —the final stage of Google’s major update “Jagger” that began in mid-summer —specifically targeted spamdexing with great success. This update thus enabled Google to remove a large amount of mostly computer-generated duplicate content from its index. Websites consisting mostly of affiliate links have previously held a negative reputation for underdelivering quality content. In there were active changes made by Google, where certain websites were labeled as “thin affiliates”.

To avoid this categorization, affiliate marketer webmasters must create quality content on their websites that distinguishes their work from the work of spammers or banner farms, which only contain links leading to merchant sites.

Although it differs from spyware , adware often uses the same methods and technologies. Merchants initially were uninformed about adware, what impact it had, and how it could damage their brands.

Affiliate marketers became aware of the issue much more quickly, especially because they noticed that adware often overwrites tracking cookies, thus resulting in a decline of commissions.

Affiliates not employing adware felt that it was stealing commission from them. Affiliates discussed the issues in Internet forums and began to organize their efforts. They believed that the best way to address the problem was to discourage merchants from advertising via adware.

Merchants that were either indifferent to or supportive of adware were exposed by affiliates, thus damaging those merchants’ reputations and tarnishing their affiliate marketing efforts. Many affiliates either terminated the use of such merchants or switched to a competitor’s affiliate program.

Eventually, affiliate networks were also forced by merchants and affiliates to take a stand and ban certain adware publishers from their network. Affiliates were among the earliest adopters of pay per click advertising when the first pay-per-click search engines emerged during the end of the s.

Later in Google launched its pay per click service, Google AdWords , which is responsible for the widespread use and acceptance of pay per click as an advertising channel. An increasing number of merchants engaged in pay per click advertising, either directly or via a search marketing agency, and realized that this space was already occupied by their affiliates.

Although this situation alone created advertising channel conflicts and debates between advertisers and affiliates, the largest issue concerned affiliates bidding on advertisers names, brands, and trademarks. Some advertisers, however, did and still do embrace this behavior, going so far as to allow, or even encourage, affiliates to bid on any term, including the advertiser’s trademarks. Bloggers and other publishers may not be aware of disclosure guidelines set forth by the FTC.

Guidelines affect celebrity endorsements, advertising language, and blogger compensation. Affiliate marketing currently lacks industry standards for training and certification. There are some training courses and seminars that result in certifications; however, the acceptance of such certifications is mostly due to the reputation of the individual or company issuing the certification. Affiliate marketing is not commonly taught in universities, and only a few college instructors work with Internet marketers to introduce the subject to students majoring in marketing.

Education occurs most often in “real life” by becoming involved and learning the details as time progresses. Although there are several books on the topic, some so-called “how-to” or ” silver bullet ” books instruct readers to manipulate holes in the Google algorithm , which can quickly become out of date, [38] or suggest strategies no longer endorsed or permitted by advertisers.

Outsourced Program Management companies typically combine formal and informal training, providing much of their training through group collaboration and brainstorming. Such companies also try to send each marketing employee to the industry conference of their choice. Other training resources used include online forums, weblogs, podcasts , video seminars, and specialty websites.

In the state of New York passed a law asserting sales tax jurisdiction over Amazon. New York was aware of Amazon affiliates operating within the state. In Quill Corp. North Dakota , the US Supreme Court ruled that the presence of independent sales representatives may allow a state to require sales tax collections.

New York determined that affiliates are such independent sales representatives. The New York law became known as “Amazon’s law” and was quickly emulated by other states. Many voucher code web sites use a click-to-reveal format, which requires the web site user to click to reveal the voucher code.

The action of clicking places the cookie on the website visitor’s computer. In the United Kingdom, the IAB Affiliate Council under chair Matt Bailey announced regulations [42] that stated that “Affiliates must not use a mechanism whereby users are encouraged to click to interact with content where it is unclear or confusing what the outcome will be. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Type of performance-based marketing. For marketing to a specific interest group, see Affinity marketing.

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. February Learn how and when to remove this template message. Main article: Cookie stuffing. ISBN In Singh, Surabhi ed.

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